Essay on Medieval Art - 1111 Words

In the art world, the medieval periods were traditionally though to be the unproductive phase of Europe between the decline of Rome and the Renaissance. Our modern feelings toward medieval art are far more appreciative. The main intent of Medieval art was to express Christianity which was also a common bond between a wide spread and diverse Europe. For this reason most of the art found from medieval times originated in monasteries and churches. European art during the Middle Ages can be divided into four periods. These four periods include Celto-Germanic art which ranged from 400 to 800 A.D. and was important in metal work. Carolingian art ranged from 750 to 987 A.D. overlapping 50 years of the Celto-Germanic period. The period of†¦show more content†¦A major difference between the two was that Carolingian architects used stone only for important buildings such as churches and castles. Their buildings and plans for unfinished buildings show that a major factor in Carol ingian architecture was length. This was both appealing to the eye and practical, leaving room for extra altars and separate entries. The Carolingian style is of small dimensions. Most of this style pulls its influence from Byzantine artwork. An explanation for the sudden change from Celto-Germanic styling can be attributed to the new minuscule form of writing, remarkable for its clarity and form (Pioch). Metal work from this time period is rare although writings tell us that goldsmiths and enamel workers remained active. Romanesque The art of the Romanesque period was characterized by the revival of sculptures and fresco painting. These were common elements of architecture. Along with those architectural advancements the period produced frequent examples of realism as well as a heightened emphasis on emotion and fantasy. The crusades acted as a main contributor to this time period lending more religious and revolutionary imagery. Examples of Romanesque sculpture are dated back to the last decade of the eleventh century and then first decades of the twelfth. The primary source of artistic patronage was provided by the monasticShow MoreRelated Medieval Art Essay1064 Words   |  5 PagesMedieval Art In the art world, the medieval periods were traditionally though to be the unproductive phase of Europe between the decline of Rome and the Renaissance. Our modern feelings toward medieval art are far more appreciative. The main intent of Medieval art was to express Christianity which was also a common bond between a wide spread and diverse Europe. For this reason most of the art found from medieval times originated in monasteries and churches. European art during the Middle AgesRead MoreRelationship Between Religion and Art in Medieval, Renaissance and Contemporary Times2657 Words   |  11 Pagesold belief that a perfect soul meant a perfect outward appearance (Smart 122). She is famous and celebrated, and is visited by Christians from every nation. In another part of the world, The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili resides in the Brooklyn Art Museum. It is a painting of Mary atop a pile of elephant feces, the Virgin herself made with the same substance, while surrounded by cutouts from pornographic magazines. The work has stirred much controversy but today still sits in the museum for theRead MoreArt : Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art1248 Words   |  5 PagesArt Appreciation Name: Chadwick West Instructor: xxxxxxxxxxxx Course: Art Appreciation, ART 137 School: xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx December 19, 2012 Comparing Medieval Art to Renaissance Art Medieval art period Medieval art covers a large scope of time. 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Aries (1996) pointed out â€Å"Medieval art did until about the twelfth century did not know childhood or did not attempt to portray it† (p.33, which demonstrates that ancient artists did not view or assumed the value of childhood during the time. In this regard, this paper outlines how medieval art disregarded the importance of childhood by ignoring it and portraying children as a less important aspect of their art. Art is believed to have started way before the coming of ChristRead MoreEssay on Innovation During the Middle Ages 2066 Words   |  9 PagesThe Middle Ages, contrary to its name, was a dynamic period of innovations. Throughout this period, visual arts were employed to communicate important messages to the public as well as private wealthy patrons. A variety of mediums were used to disseminate ideas. Though, the sense of decorum shifted, the purpose of these moralizing images of religious figures remained the same. Art was, as it still is an extremely useful and powerful tool for both religious and political advancements. The two piecesRead MoreArt : An Important Center Of European Medieval Art1015 Words   |  5 PagesIt is amazing how something that is recognized as an important center of European Medieval art is looked upon by most of the world as a place where you can snap a cool picture of yourself ‘leaning’ on the Tower of Pisa. A place detailed, yet decayed†¦ a place with four monuments, yet recognized as one center†¦ a place representing life, yet death. The aura surrounding this square makes me just want to sit on the grass and read or write or think. I just want the stony intricate building to envelop myRead MoreEssay on Medieval vs. Renaissance Art887 Words   |  4 PagesMedieval vs. Renaissance Art Art during the Italian Renaissance differed from art during the Middle Ages. The two have contrasting characteristics and concepts. To the people in the medieval world, religion was their life. Everything in daily life focused around the church and God (Modern World 164). Medieval culture influenced the arts; this was evident in the religious themes. During the Italian Renaissance, painters and other artists focused on the portrayal of a more humanistic way ofRead MoreEssay about The Medieval Synthesis in the Arts 1023 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medieval Synthesis in the Arts ca. (1000-1300) thirteen century Gothic Church. The Chartres Cathedral Church is one of the most important in France. After a fire in 1134 destroy the town of Chartres the west front of the cathedral. The rebuilding of the west facade between 1145-50. It was once known as Notre Dame de Chartres but today is known as Chartres Cathedral. This church has the essential parts of a Christian basilica. The cathedr al is locates in the town of Chartres, Northwester FranceRead MoreMedieval Art And Architecture Of The Gothic Architecture909 Words   |  4 PagesThe term Gothic comes from Giorgio Vaasari, he used the term to ridicule the medieval art and architecture. Putting the art aside, the architecture of the period was quite awesome, cathedrals stand today as a testament to this. The Gothic style was birthed in France as the Romanesque style evolved. The Saint-Denis was the first Gothic cathedral; it was designed Abbot Suger in 1144. Gothic Cathedrals were marvels in their time as they towered above the cities, they frequently reached over 150 meters

I Was Not A Perfect Smart Student - 911 Words

I was never a fan of anyone before until I met and took Dr. Shipman’s class of University of Texas Arlington. She is really an intelligent professor with an active teaching style for students to be successful. I like her and so I truly had learned plenty of knowledge from her, who has motivated me to become a confident lady in math now. However, the thing I will never forget about her in my life that she gave me the award â€Å"Bernice Livers Sonricker Endowed Scholarship 2014† even I was not a perfect smart student. Although I have a strong math solving problem skills, I have not always been good at math. But she believes in me and makes me realize that I can become a good and confident professor in the future if I set a right goal for myself and work hard enough. Firstly, Dr. Shipman is really an intelligent professor who remembered all student names in the second day of class. This deeply impressed me. Truly, there are no many professors in universities care about students’ names but she did. Additionally, she made learning fun and connected all students with multiple levels in my class so that we could learn well and helped us have interest in learning. Although she motivated and cared about students, she is not easy. For instance, Dr. Shipman will take a roll of every day of class and she will count if students come late and also her test is not easy, too. For example, she gave us every day quizzes after lectures so it was hard for students to miss a single day of class.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Being A Perfect Human Being851 Words   |  4 Pagesfeeling like you belong instead of feeling like you need to be a perfect human being. Today, our society is so focused on being the most powerful country in the world that we are not focusing on forming communities where everyone feels like they belong. 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Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post Impressionism And Film Essay Example For Students

Neoclassicism, Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism, Post Impressionism And Film Essay Outline1 Neoclassicism2 Romanticism3 Realism4 Impressionism5 Post-Impressionism6 Late nineteenth Century Architecture7 Early on twentieth Century Architecture8 Suprematism9 Constructivism10 Dada11 Surrealism12 German Expressionism13 Fauvism14 Cubism15 Bauhaus16 American Abstract Expressionism17 Pop Art18 Earth Art19 Minimalism20 Performance Art Neoclassicism Neoclassicism ( began after 1750 ) was a resurgence of Greek and Roman art ; a direct reaction to the inordinateness of Baroque and Rococo manners. During the American and Gallic Revolutions, the political ambiance began to tilt towards an Age of Reason and Enlightenment. With esteem for classical Roman and Greek art renewed after diggings of Herculaneum and Pompei, attempts for manner to attach to doctrine caused an inevitable return to the classics . During this period, the capable affair frequently included a fear for nature, tradition and the classics, moral values ( such as patriotism and bravery ) , along with a misgiving for invention. Early plant of creative persons such as Jean August Dominique Ingres and particularly Jacques-Louis David encompassed the thematic elements associated with Neoclassicism. Jacques-Louis David s Oath of the Horatii can be considered as a turning point for the beginning of the neoclassic manner. The picture possesses many qualities synonymous with neoclassicism. It is a testimonial to Roman history, picturing three work forces with intense, dramatic and contrasted lighting, lucidity of the characters forms/ gestures, and a intentionally simple composing. David s Death of Marat is another illustration of a theatrical piece that combines a balanced composing and symbolism ( martyrdom ) with the moral undertone of the picture. Two other illustrations of Neoclassicist pictures are Napoleon I on hi s Imperial Throne and La Grande Odalisque. Romanticism Romanticism ( early-mid nineteenth century ) was in reaction to Neoclassicism. Features of Romanticist pictures include painterly brushstrokes, a clear show of emotion, nature, and diagonals. Some illustrations of this type of art includes Liberty Leading the People and Death of Sardanpalus by Eugà ¨ne Delacroix where his adept usage of expressive brushstrokes is made seeable. Liberty Leading the People is an illustration of a romanticized symbol of France. Different societal categories can be seen in Gallic Romanticism, where the dead, deceasing, stronger, and strongest are specifically allocated throughout the piece. Other illustrations of Romanticist art includes The Raft of Medusa and Evening: Landscape with an Aquaduct by Thà ©odore Gà ©ricault. British Romanticism was more focussed on utilizing pure abstraction to assist make look. Examples include J.M. W. Turner s Burning of Parliament and Rain, Steam and Speed The Great Western Railway. This type of usage of ocher and white run was common, along with pastoral elements. John Constable s The Hay Way and Dedham Vale are two other illustrations of British Romanticism. This type of art was easy to look at for the spectator. Realism Realism ( mid nineteenth century ) was created by a Gallic group called the Barbizon School. Like the name implies a dedication to seeking to capture the inside informations through observation was an aim for the Gallic Realists. Examples include Woman with a Pearl and Venise, La Piazzetta. Realists did non needfully seek to animate what was straight in forepart of them, seting the state of affairs to make an ideal piece was common and more practical. Other illustrations include Jean-Franà §ois Millet s The Sower and The Gleaners. These types of plants inspired the ( station ) impressionists that would see these exhibited pictures later on. Realism in landscapes is besides seen in Courbet s plants, such as Plage de Normandie and Self-portrait ( The Desperate Man ) Impressionism Impressionism ( 1870s -1880s ) was a term created from the first named Impressionist work, Claude Monet s Impression, Sunrise. Characteristics of this type of painting includes the grasp of art history, and an esteem upon visible radiation. Brush shots are seeable despite non being bold. Moments are captured, and clip is a dimension that is cardinal in this type of art. Another illustration of a Monet that reflects Impressionism s features good is Woman with a Parasol. Impressionism was a manner that became extremely developed, every brushstroke had its topographic point, working with a extremely selective pallet. Edgar Degas New Orleans Cotton Exchange and The Dance Class are two celebrated illustrations of Impressionism. These pictures of concert dance terpsichoreans became synonymous with the motion. Music in the Tuileries and The Luncheon on the Grass by Édouard Manet both farther show this type of freeze-frame feeling. There is a certain repose to this motion, and though th e technique is variable, it finally consequences in a soft feel to the picture. The female figure was besides frequently in the foreground of these pieces due to the political ambiance, and the type of temper they helped set up within a piece. Post-Impressionism Post-Impressionism was a term coined by Roger Fry for one of Manet s ulterior exhibits. After no longer accepting the simple capable affair, and deficiency of compositional data format in Impressionism, Post-Impressionist creative persons came up with their ain ways to reconstruct some more of the traditional compositional values into pictures. Georges Seurat used pointillism, a technique utilizing points of coloring material to let them to intermix into new colorss through optical semblance, in his pieces such as Circus Sideshow and Le Chahut. Vincent Van Gogh used natural emotion and expressive brushstrokes in his pieces ( Ex: Starry Night over the Rhone and Sunflowers, two of the most recognizable post-impressionist plants ) to animate his ain life and all the depressions that were contained within it. Other illustrations include Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec s At the Moulin Rouge: Two Womans Waltzing and Quadrille at the Moulin Rouge. Late nineteenth Century Architecture Joseph Paxton s piece The Crystal Palace was a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, a piece that was the consequence of a motion off from traditional stuffs such as wood. Rather, a patterned advance towards steel and new, more advanced stuffs was created. The Eiffel Tower ( named after its applied scientist Gustave Eiffel ) is another illustration of this type of architecture. An internation symbol for France, the tower is an technology wonder, despite its intense unfavorable judgment. Using strictly steel for the construction of the organic structure, it is an geographic expedition of the new stuffs available during the epoch. Early on twentieth Century Architecture This type of architecture was a direct link with Bauhaus. Artists such as Frank Lloyd Wright began researching functional signifiers, and houses being populating machines led to the creative activity of his plants such as Falling Water, The Robie House and The Walter Fale House. The level roofs and cantilever systems were trade name new thoughts in this type of art. Other illustrations include Le Corbusier s Centre Le Corbusier and Villa Savoye. Walter Gropius and Mies Van Der Rohe besides explored the new possibilities created by mechanisation and mills. ( covered in Bauhaus ) Suprematism Suprematism ( which began in 1915 ) was a strictly Russian art motion was devised by Kasimir Malevich as an epoch dedicated to geometric signifiers. Painting was reduced to thoughts belonging to a supreme world that embodied the kernel of pureness. This was a period that intersected cubo-futurism and ( but came somewhat earlier ) Suprematism. Lyubov Popova was another of import creative person during this motion and a member of Malevich s Supremus group. His doctrine was that art should be reduced into a religious kernel that exceeds the bounds of faith and attains the domination of pure emotion . These pictures were minimum and done in a additive manner. Malevich s Suprematist Composition: White on White is the ultimate illustration of Suprematism. After much experimentation with the tilting of a four-sided within a four-dimensional frame and fiddling with the relationship between art and scientific discipline, the consequence was an incredibly pure painting utilizing two sunglassess of white. Another illustration would be Malevich s Black Square. Constructivism Constructivism ( 1919-1934 ) , literally intending to build was a disciplinary artistic manner that rose during the Russian Revolution. The new Communist order had decided to come on the thoughts Analytic Cubism into the 3rd dimension through sculpture. Contemporary, industrial stuffs such as glass, steel, wood, plastic were used in order to make technology efforts that were beyond art for art s interest . The motion was extremely developed by Vladmir Tatlin, Naum Gabo, and Aleksander Rodchenko, the latter two who officially coined the term. Harmonizing to Tatlin and his followings, these buildings were really 4-dimensional. Since they implied gesture, they besides implied clip. The most recognizable piece of Constructivism was Tatlin s effort to make The Monument to the Third International. Meant to be constructed out of glass, Fe and steel, it was hoped to hold been a tower to supplant the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Even if the engineering to make the memorial had been available, there would most likely have been small to no structural practicality to it. In this type of useful building art, beauty is combined with some type of map or geometry: a twin spiral being the chief construction, glaze four suspended signifiers ( a regular hexahedron, pyramid, a hemisphere, and a cylinder ) all have practical utilizations, and the full piece consists of futuristic waies to transport people through the construction with mechanical devices. Naum Gabo was co-workers and friends with Tatlin, Wassily Kandinsky, and Rodchenko. He began a new sort of plastic building strung with nylon fibril that comes really close to mathematical theoretical accounts. After looking for ties between art and scientific discipline, the theoretical accounts he created in his Linear Construction series reflect upon modern natural philosophies that came after his clip. Nylon togss are strung around a Plexiglas base in an wholly mathematical agreement. Contrary to many other constructivists, he partook in the motion in a strictly religious sense. Gabo besides had a strong involvement in kinetic sculptures, which can be seen in his Revolving Torsion Fountain in London. With the chief construction being made out of chromium steel steel, the contrastingly amorphous H2O is used as an built-in traveling component to finish the four-dimensional composing. The jets pulsate at different degrees, revolving and in peculiar beat. Choosing elements for specif ic intents is a common trait of the mentality of a constructivist. In the film Independence Day EssayThe original manager and maestro of Bauhaus, Gropius was mostly responsible for the F 51 Armchair and Sofa. Other creative activities in modern dà ©cor by him include the D 51 and F 51-2. One of the ulterior managers Ludwig Mies van der Rohe designed the Farnsworth house, 960-880 Lake Shore Drive Apartments, and Seagram edifice. All these edifices reflect upon his mission to progress architecture with the springs in engineering and industry, uniting rationalism with spiritualty. Universally known, his Barcelona Chair and Ottoman is a modernistic icon that involves a turn upon Curule chairs and was manufactured/ targeted towards the common adult male market. Hannes Meyer was the 2nd manager of Bauhaus and was the first to assist the school earn net income. He brought important committee for the school, including making edifice for the Gederal School of the German Trade Unions in Bernau and five flat edifices in Dessau. American Abstract Expressionism Abstract expressionism ( 1940s-1950s ) was the first wholly American-caused motion in direct reaction to World War II. Paint was put onto a surface to make pure art that had no narrative. Rather the pieces depended strictly on line, signifier, surface, and the manner pigment Acts of the Apostless. Harold Rosenberg described Pollock and other Abstract Expressionist canvases as an sphere in which to move. What was to travel on the canvas was non a image but an event. Many pictures were described as action pictures, in where the procedure and layering of the pigment could be considered more interesting and of import than the concluding merchandise and composing itself. Mark Rothko would utilize balls of pigment to make his pieces, to make multiforms . This was his cardinal manner and can be seen in No. 3/ No. 13. The canvas consists of merely 6 colorss in blocks. Another illustration is his painting No. 10. In contrast, Jackson Pollock frequently threw paint onto the surface, leti ng it to make what pigment does . His paintings No. 5, and Lavender are illustrations of his paint-throwing and recognizable dripping techniques. Other illustrations of Abstract Expressionist works include Lee Krasner s Celebration and Little Image pictures, along with Barnett Newman s Onement 1and Who s Afraid of Red, Yellow, and Blue? Pop Art Pop art ( began in mid 1950s ) was based in Britain and the United States. Pop art was a diurect reaction to the high intellectualism of Abstract Expressionism, frequently concentrating upon ordinary objects and regular day-to-day trade goods. Capable affair frequently included objects such as soup tins, boxes, amusing hoot, exposures, etc. Pop civilization and the Hollywood scene was a major influence upon the art during this age of mechanical reproduction. Richard Hamilton s montage Just What Is it that Makes Today s Homes So Different, So Appealing? is an iconic piece created from images from American magazines and is a contemplation upon the economic system, places, and life style of the clip. Andy Warhol s Campbell s Soup I and series used the American nutrient basic as the topic to avoid viing with Roy Lichenstein s amusing strip pieces and his possible as a consumer, being entirely dedicated to the trade name and merchandise. Lictenstein s ill-famed Whaam! contains an image of an American plane destructing an enemy jet. This comic-strip type of art was a contemplation on the American life style and the popularity of amusing books during the age and the piece was based off an existent amusing book panel. The piece tries non to develop a purposeful connexion with the audience, leting viewing audiences to develop their ain ideas and reading of the image and caption. Claes Oldenburg besides used this thought of consumer merchandises, and frequently create soft sculptures of everyday objects. Lipstick ( Ascending ) on Caterpillar Tracks involved an outsize lip rouge that would invariably deflate itself unless pumped by a spectator. Other pieces from the epoch include Oldenburg s Soft Bathtub ( Model ) , Lichtenstein s Drowning Girl, Hamilton s Interior and Warhol s Brillo Box. Earth Art During Earth Art ( late sixtiess into early 1970s ) , artists began a motion against the restrictive qualities of galleries and traditional exhibitions. A desire for an unfastened canvas led to the usage of nature as a medium. In reaction to consumerism and the huge commercialisation of art, the reaction of these creative persons was to make something impossible to buy by utilizing merely natural stuffs, normally in an environment that could non be sold. As good, the impermanent nature of most of these plants would factor into how impracticable it would be to try to buy these plants. Normally, these plants can merely be through certification as they are otherwise eradicated by clip. Leading creative person Robert Smithson created the Broken Circle and Spiral Jetty, two celebrated plants that emerged during the period. Both pieces are protected, but however people still seek to obtain parts of these plants. Richard Long creates his pieces through walking upon waies wholly drawn from h im. A Circle in Alaska Bering Straight Driftwood on the Arctic Circle and A Line Made By Walking are two plants both created through the pure interaction of his organic structure and his Earth. They will merely last until nature takes its class, a hallmark of Earth art. Christo and his married woman Jean Claude focused their plants upon the signifier that the universe takes up, and wanted people to see things in a new position. Through many wrapped pieces, they considered themselves to be conveying unobserved beauty to certain environemtns. The Running Fence and the wrapper of Point Neuf Bridge are some improbably recognizable pieces. Both are contemplations upon the signifier of nature. Minimalism Minimalism ( late 1960s-early 1970s ) involved the belief that there should be no docket for a piece but the piece should be centred on itself. This type of art implies true aesthetic value. Often the plants are precise, mechanical, and ready to be manufactured in a mill scene. The pieces are insistent with no symbolism and are modular. Contrasting colorss, crisp lineations, and a footing on geometric signifiers and the frame of mention were besides constituents of this manner. This was besides applicable in the sculptural facets of the manner. Materials for this type of sculpture was normally industrial, ex: fibreglass, plastics/ other synthetics, metals. Donald Judd s pieces are frequently ignoble plants that are simple and based strictly on mathematics and geometry. This was besides the same with Robert Morris. Richard Serra has a piece similar to one of Judd s ignoble works where a sculpture contains contains circles within circles at different jousts and highs. These were instal lings, nevertheless Solomon LeWitt focused more upon two dimensional pieces like Isometric Projection, Untitled ( lithograph ) , and Tower. Serra s The Matter Of Time and Fulcrum are sculptures based strictly on untreated metals and steels. Performance Art Current Performance Art began in the beginning of the first half of the twentieth century. The motion was dedicated towards the history of theater. However, by the 1970s, Performance Art was normally concentrated and combined attempts on Happenings and Conceptual Art with installings. Shock value, ( self- ) mutilation, expressed gender, grotesque and unconventional temper. Audience interaction and interrupting the 4th wall was besides rather common. Laurie Anderson is a instrumentalist who experiments non merely in sound through playing the fiddle and piano, but with her public presentations every bit good. She created the tape-bow fiddle that is still used as an experimental type of instrument by creative persons and instrumentalists today. In the 1970 s she performed/ recorded a violin piece while executing until the block of ice of which she stood on with ice skates wholly melted off. Vito Acconci created an installing named Seedbed in which he was located beneath a incline at the Sonnabend Gallery, where he masturbated and created a talker system to let his talkers here his voice and ideas. Joseph Beuys had some noteworthy public presentations, peculiarly when he became involved with Fluxus temporarily. His public presentation, How to Explain Pictures to a Dead Hare involved Beuys talking into the ear of a dead hare he held in his weaponries, while his boot had an affiliated piece of Fe, and his face was covered in honey and gold foliage. All these objects had a symbolic significance and there was an intended rational message for his audience. This Fluxus motion involiving multi-media flow besides produced member Yoko Ono. Her public presentation Cut Piece ( which can besides be considered a occurrence ) involved the audience take parting through cutting her vesture off until she was naked. This allowed Ono to pass on her ain feelings towards her audience through organic structure and public presentation, instead than conventional mediums.

Travel and Tourism Horticulture - Agriculture and Aquaculture

Question: Discuss about theTravel and Tourismfor Horticulture, Agriculture and Aquaculture. Answer: Horticulture, Agriculture and Aquaculture based Location and Produce in New Zealand Introduction New Zealand, an island located on the southwestern side of the Pacific Ocean, neighbors to Australia, Fiji, Tonga and New Caledonia (Chen, 2014). This island nation is recognized as a developed country based on their achievement in the fields of health and education. The location and climate of the country allows different types of fruits, vegetables, crops to grow. The managing heads that has been responsible in putting forth New Zealand on the world map in respect to the large amount of produce, are: Gallaghers, Zespri, LIC, Tru-Test, AgResearch , Milfos (Rosin, 2013). Gallaghers has been known to provide technological means such as, electrical fence, to the farmers. LIC and Tru-Test have been responsible in carrying out the genetics-based analysis which will allow for genetically modified crops to be produced that are capable of resisting diseases as well as pests (Benge et al., 2014). They have also been responsible for genetically modifying the livestock to increase their abilit y to produce more as well as be resistant to diseases. The country earns more than $15 billion per annum of revenue, alone from agricultural, Horticultural an aquacultural produce (Rees, 2016). The following sections deals with locations in New Zealand those are popular for their horticultural, agricultural and aquacultural produce. The organic based aspect has also been considered in few of the examples. Horticulture in New Zealand New Zealand based horticulture is considered as an industry worth $5 billion industry, responsible for exporting products to several countries across the globe (DeSilva Forbes, 2016). The primary horticultural based products, which are being exported, are kiwifruit, apples, avocados, onions, buttercup squash, processed vegetables, potatoes. The following giants have been responsible in providing with equipment at the horticultural farms, such as: Milfos, Waikato Milking Systems, PGC Wrightsons, RD1, Goldpine, CRT, Giltrap. Five Horticultural Farming areas and their produce as identified are: Hawkes Bay Kiwi (Organic Farming) Kiwifruit has gained popularity in the Hawkes Bay area of New Zealand (Scrimgeour Locke, 2015). Kiwifruit requires well-drained and fertile soils to grow. It requires loamy soil, which needs to be enriched in nitrogen, phosphorus as well as potassium. Kiwifruit requires being sheltered from the wind as gusts of wind destroys the flowering shoots (May, 2014). Artificial windbreaks provide relief from this situation. It also needs to be protected from frosts. Water sprinklers and wind machines are used in order to protect the plants. Kiwifruit also requires adequate moisture to thrive well. The leading cultivars of kiwifruit in New Zealand are: Abbott, Allison, Bruno, Hayward, Monty, Greensill (Mowat, 2014). Many kiwifruit cultivars has availed to organic method of farming as it lead to an increment in the revenues that the farmers could earn in contrast to the conventional means that were used in growing the fruit. Christchurch Market Gardening Market gardening is considered as a thriving business in New Zealand from the horticulture aspect (Muller et al., 2015). The crops are grown in a continuous fashion, especially in green houses. There are several cultivars in the Christchurch region that participates in market gardening. Several fresh vegetables and fruits such as potatoes, onions and squash have been grown along with different flowers through market gardening (Rutherford, McGimpsey Narayan, 2013). Onions have acquired the largest market as an export vegetable. There are several other crops that grown with the help of market gardening such as, carrots, broccoli, parsnips, cauliflower, sweet potato, cabbage, lettuces, asparagus and spinach (Kelsey, 2015). Tomatoes and capsicums are also grown in this way. Orchids are famously cultivated through market gardening. Marlborough Wine Marlborough is recognized for the finest wine production, not only in New Zealand, but it is well renowned in the world too (Zahraie et al., 2016). The wine from this region is known to impart distinct flavor and aroma to it. Location of Marlborough and the favorable combination of meso climate and diverse soil allows the wine to taste so good. Other than these factors, sufficient sunshine, limited rainfall, no occurrence of seasonal frosts and fertility of the soil, has aided the production of good grapes for the production of wine. Marlborough is responsible for contributing to 75% of total wine production in New Zealand (Alfaro, Jeffs King, 2014). The vineyards are mainly located in three regions of Marlborough, namely, Southern Valleys, Wairau Valley (for example, Renwick, Blenheim and Cloudy Bay region) and Awatere Valley. Marlborough is known to produce the best Sauvignon, which is globally renowned (Parr et al., 2013). Auckland - Mushrooms Mushroom cultivation is gathering pace in turning into a blooming industry in New Zealand. Button mushrooms, Perigold black truffles, hazel, English oak, field mushroom, oyster mushrooms, poplar mushrooms, burgundy mushrooms, shaggy ink cap, are commonly grown in New Zealand (Guerin-Laguette et al., 2014). However, Auckland is famous for farming shittake mushrooms that are exported fresh across the globe. Shittake mushrooms are famous for their flavor and texture and are known to have health benefits as well. It has an attractive appearance where it flaunts a brown dome on top followed by white gills below (Rights, 2014). It can be easily cultivated on logs of deciduous trees, mainly of, oak, poplar, birch, beech and maple. Otago Summer Fruits The summer fruits that grow in New Zealand are apricots, cherries, nectarines, peaches and plums (Leong Oey, 2012). Hawkes Bay and Central Otago is known to be the primary producer of summer fruits in New Zealand. The season commences around November and mid December period is considered as the peak season continuing through January, February and March and finally coming to an end in April (Wearing et al., 2012). The main types of cherries that are cultivated are: Sonnet, Sweet Heart, Staccato, Celeste, Samba, Skeena, Burlatt, Kordia and Sweet Valentine. The variety of nectarines being cultivated is called Red Gold. Flatto, Donut, Alba and Southern Ice are the varieties of peaches that grow in Central Otago (Bills, 2014). The variety of plums being cultivated is known as Primetime. Agriculture in New Zealand International trade in New Zealand is highly sustained by agriculture-based produce. New Zealand boats of having several sheep and beef farms. Three Agricultural Farming areas and their produce as identified are: Waikato Dairy Farming (Organic Farming) Dairy farming in New Zealand is a major contributor to the betterment of the economy of the Waikato region. Being the eighth largest producer of milk New Zealand, has a thriving dairy farming industry. Fonterra, the dairy company, is responsible for producing and managing the large amount of dairy being produced to be exported across the globe. The breeds of cows that are mainly based in New Zealand are: Holstein-Friesian, Jersey and Ayrshire (Foote, Joy Death, 2015). Dairy farming is part of the organic food sector. Farmers are worried about the implication that pesticides and artificial herbicides has on the milk. There is a demand on a global scale in respect to the organic dairy products. Organic production makes use of positive management based systems that aims at eliminating the necessity of using chemicals in agriculture (Chobtang et al., 2015). Organic dairy farming works towards a sustainable measure where the farmers make use of rock forms, seaweed and worm based composts to enrich the soil instead of fertilizers made of urea and phosphate. Conventional health care supplements that were administered to the animals were mainly antibiotics and drenches (Pinxterhuis et al., 2015). However, with the advent of organic farming, to improve the health of the animals, apple cider vinegar, garlic, seaweeds and chelated minerals have been used. Canterbury Sheep Farming Along with diary, sheep farming is an important commodity furthering the economy of New Zealand. There are several breeds of sheep that were cultivated by the New Zealand Sheepbreeders Association, namely, Border Lecister, Texel, Borderdale, Suffolk, Corriedale, Shropshire, Corriedale, Ryeland, Dorper, Polwarth, Dorset Down, Poll Dorset, East Friesian, Oxford, Finnsheep, Lincoln and Hampshire (Burton Peoples, 2014). The Merino sheep species is known for its good quality of wool. Along with other species, such as Perendale and Coopworth, they are known to be good producers of wool as well as meat. The Canterbury plains concentrates on sheep farming that are reared for the wool and the meat (Bray et al., 2013). Pukekohe Potato There are more than 170 potato growers present in New Zealand, concentrating mainly in the areas of Pukekohe, Hawkes Bay, Manawatu and Canterbury. Pukehoke has been given the label of being the food basket of New Zealand and it has been responsible for feeding the mouths all across the globe for years together (Wrath Smith, 2015). In order to meet the growing demand of the vegetable, production of the vegetable crop has increased. The varieties of the crop that are mainly cultivated are: Russett Burbank, Draga, Laura, Fianna, Frisia, Innovator, Rua, Nadine, Agria, Moonlight, Desiree, Ilam Hardy and Red Rascal (Lister Munro, 2013). Potatoes are responsible for feeding the growing mouths in the whole world, the only crop which grows in plenty without any particular growing conditions and available the year round. However, the only drawback that potato cultivators face is the large amount of water which is required to grow potatoes (Bajaj, 2013). With the water scarcity faced on a glo bal level for potable water at times restricts its production. Then scientists see this no fuss crop as the only remedy to the problem of food scarcity. Aquaculture in New Zealand Aquaculture in New Zealand mainly comprises of mussels, oysters and salmon. It is a huge industry, aimed at improving the economy of the island nation. Two Aquacultural Farming areas and their produce as identified are: Big Glory Bay, Stewart Island Salmon There were three species of salmon, which were originally introduced in New Zealand. However, only the king salmon strain, thrived and has established itself as one of the biggest contenders in the list of aquaculture-based products. The salmon are either reared as part of freshwater farming or sea-cage ranching (Cobcroft et al., 2014). In Big Glory Bay, Stewart Island, salmon are cultivated in large cages that are suspended in the sea which are being linked with the help of floating walkways. Paihia, Bay of Islands Oyster Bluff oysters and rock oysters are the commonly found wild strain of oysters found in New Zealand (Floysand, Haland Jakobsen, 2016). A third strain is the Pacific oyster, which is mainly cultivated in the oyster farms in New Zealand. The growth rates of these oysters are quite high compared to the rock oysters. Fresh oysters, typically from the Paihia, Bay of Islands, in New Zealand, are renowned all over the world due to their delightful taste (McGinnis Collins, 2013). The characteristically sandy bottoms of the Paihia, Bay of Islands, allow the cultivation of oysters. Due to the location of the Bay of Islands, the cultivation is carried out throughout the year irrespective of the season. Other areas have to to close their shop during monsoons and winters (Smale, 2014). They are renowned for being able to provide oysters throughout the summer period. Conclusion Agriculture, horticulture and aquaculture have highly contributed in aiding New Zealand to receive global recognition by exporting produce to several countries across the globe. Each produce has its own level of importance and popularity. With innovative moves carried out in the field of biotechnology, genetics along with farm machinery, has been aiding the production of meat and dairy products. Genetically modified crops, and livestock has been able to produce progenies that are resistant to diseases and pests. The use of organic farming has resulted into chemical free produce which has been helping in meeting the demands of the masses aiming towards the consumption of organic produce. Not only organic farming, but also the concept of eco farming has been gaining popularity where not only the well being of the produce are being taken care of, but also measures are being taken to avoid harming the eco system. Several cultivation practices has been replaced by eco friendly measures so that the pollutants that emerges from farming can be reduced. Efforts have led to New Zealand developing sustainable and green model of farming. References: Alfaro, A. C., Jeffs, A. G., King, N. (2014). Enabling and driving aquaculture growth in New Zealand through innovation.New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,48(3), 311-313. 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